Surface Water

 The issue of heavy metal pollution in surface waters is primarily a serious problem caused by industrial emissions, agricultural activities, and urban wastewater. Common pollutants such as lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, and thallium pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, the detection of heavy metal components in surface waters is critically important as a key element in water resource management, environmental protection, and sustainable development. Portable total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometers (TXRF) offer significant advantages for on-site detection of heavy metals in surface waters due to their lightweight design, low detection limits, minimal sample requirements, and rapid analysis speed. They provide strong technical support for water quality monitoring and pollution control.